/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.matheclipse.core.eval.util;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;

import org.matheclipse.core.interfaces.IExpr;

/**
 * Open addressed map from int to IExpr.
 * <p>
 * This class provides a dedicated map from integers to IExprs with a much
 * smaller memory overhead than standard <code>java.util.Map</code>.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * This class is not synchronized. The specialized iterators returned by
 * {@link #iterator()} are fail-fast: they throw a
 * <code>ConcurrentModificationException</code> when they detect the map has
 * been modified during iteration.
 * </p>
 * 
 * @param <T>
 *            the type of the objects
 */
public class OpenIntToIExprHashMap implements Serializable {

	/** Status indicator for free table entries. */
	protected static final byte FREE = 0;

	/** Status indicator for full table entries. */
	protected static final byte FULL = 1;

	/** Status indicator for removed table entries. */
	protected static final byte REMOVED = 2;

	/** Serializable version identifier. */
	private static final long serialVersionUID = -9179080286849120720L;

	/** Load factor for the map. */
	private static final float LOAD_FACTOR = 0.5f;

	/**
	 * Default starting size.
	 * <p>
	 * This must be a power of two for bit mask to work properly.
	 * </p>
	 */
	private static final int DEFAULT_EXPECTED_SIZE = 16;

	/**
	 * Multiplier for size growth when map fills up.
	 * <p>
	 * This must be a power of two for bit mask to work properly.
	 * </p>
	 */
	private static final int RESIZE_MULTIPLIER = 2;

	/**
	 * Number of bits to perturb the index when probing for collision
	 * resolution.
	 */
	private static final int PERTURB_SHIFT = 5;

	/** Keys table. */
	private int[] keys;

	/** Values table. */
	private IExpr[] values;

	/** States table. */
	private byte[] states;

	/** Current size of the map. */
	private int size;

	/** Bit mask for hash values. */
	private int mask;

	/** Modifications count. */
	private transient int count;

	/**
	 * Build an empty map with default size and using zero for missing entries.
	 * 
	 * @param field
	 *            field to which the elements belong
	 */
	public OpenIntToIExprHashMap() {
		this(DEFAULT_EXPECTED_SIZE);
	}

	/**
	 * Build an empty map with specified size.
	 * 
	 * @param field
	 *            field to which the elements belong
	 * @param expectedSize
	 *            expected number of elements in the map
	 * @param missingEntries
	 *            value to return when a missing entry is fetched
	 */
	public OpenIntToIExprHashMap(final int expectedSize) {
		final int capacity = computeCapacity(expectedSize);
		keys = new int[capacity];
		values = new IExpr[capacity];
		states = new byte[capacity];
		mask = capacity - 1;
	}

	/**
	 * Copy constructor.
	 * 
	 * @param source
	 *            map to copy
	 */
	public OpenIntToIExprHashMap(final OpenIntToIExprHashMap source) {
		final int length = source.keys.length;
		keys = new int[length];
		System.arraycopy(source.keys, 0, keys, 0, length);
		values = new IExpr[length];
		System.arraycopy(source.values, 0, values, 0, length);
		states = new byte[length];
		System.arraycopy(source.states, 0, states, 0, length);
		size = source.size;
		mask = source.mask;
		count = source.count;
	}

	/**
	 * Compute the capacity needed for a given size.
	 * 
	 * @param expectedSize
	 *            expected size of the map
	 * @return capacity to use for the specified size
	 */
	private static int computeCapacity(final int expectedSize) {
		if (expectedSize == 0) {
			return 1;
		}
		final int capacity = (int) Math.ceil(expectedSize / LOAD_FACTOR);
		final int powerOfTwo = Integer.highestOneBit(capacity);
		if (powerOfTwo == capacity) {
			return capacity;
		}
		return nextPowerOfTwo(capacity);
	}

	/**
	 * Find the smallest power of two greater than the input value
	 * 
	 * @param i
	 *            input value
	 * @return smallest power of two greater than the input value
	 */
	private static int nextPowerOfTwo(final int i) {
		return Integer.highestOneBit(i) << 1;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the stored value associated with the given key
	 * 
	 * @param key
	 *            key associated with the data
	 * @return data associated with the key
	 */
	public IExpr get(final int key) {

		final int hash = hashOf(key);
		int index = hash & mask;
		if (containsKey(key, index)) {
			return values[index];
		}

		if (states[index] == FREE) {
			return null;
		}

		int j = index;
		for (int perturb = perturb(hash); states[index] != FREE; perturb >>= PERTURB_SHIFT) {
			j = probe(perturb, j);
			index = j & mask;
			if (containsKey(key, index)) {
				return values[index];
			}
		}

		return null;

	}

	/**
	 * Check if a value is associated with a key.
	 * 
	 * @param key
	 *            key to check
	 * @return true if a value is associated with key
	 */
	public boolean containsKey(final int key) {

		final int hash = hashOf(key);
		int index = hash & mask;
		if (containsKey(key, index)) {
			return true;
		}

		if (states[index] == FREE) {
			return false;
		}

		int j = index;
		for (int perturb = perturb(hash); states[index] != FREE; perturb >>= PERTURB_SHIFT) {
			j = probe(perturb, j);
			index = j & mask;
			if (containsKey(key, index)) {
				return true;
			}
		}

		return false;

	}

	/**
	 * Get an iterator over map elements.
	 * <p>
	 * The specialized iterators returned are fail-fast: they throw a
	 * <code>ConcurrentModificationException</code> when they detect the map has
	 * been modified during iteration.
	 * </p>
	 * 
	 * @return iterator over the map elements
	 */
	public Iterator iterator() {
		return new Iterator();
	}

	/**
	 * Perturb the hash for starting probing.
	 * 
	 * @param hash
	 *            initial hash
	 * @return perturbed hash
	 */
	private static int perturb(final int hash) {
		return hash & 0x7fffffff;
	}

	/**
	 * Find the index at which a key should be inserted
	 * 
	 * @param key
	 *            key to lookup
	 * @return index at which key should be inserted
	 */
	private int findInsertionIndex(final int key) {
		return findInsertionIndex(keys, states, key, mask);
	}

	/**
	 * Find the index at which a key should be inserted
	 * 
	 * @param keys
	 *            keys table
	 * @param states
	 *            states table
	 * @param key
	 *            key to lookup
	 * @param mask
	 *            bit mask for hash values
	 * @return index at which key should be inserted
	 */
	private static int findInsertionIndex(final int[] keys, final byte[] states, final int key, final int mask) {
		final int hash = hashOf(key);
		int index = hash & mask;
		if (states[index] == FREE) {
			return index;
		} else if (states[index] == FULL && keys[index] == key) {
			return changeIndexSign(index);
		}

		int perturb = perturb(hash);
		int j = index;
		if (states[index] == FULL) {
			while (true) {
				j = probe(perturb, j);
				index = j & mask;
				perturb >>= PERTURB_SHIFT;

				if (states[index] != FULL || keys[index] == key) {
					break;
				}
			}
		}

		if (states[index] == FREE) {
			return index;
		} else if (states[index] == FULL) {
			// due to the loop exit condition,
			// if (states[index] == FULL) then keys[index] == key
			return changeIndexSign(index);
		}

		final int firstRemoved = index;
		while (true) {
			j = probe(perturb, j);
			index = j & mask;

			if (states[index] == FREE) {
				return firstRemoved;
			} else if (states[index] == FULL && keys[index] == key) {
				return changeIndexSign(index);
			}

			perturb >>= PERTURB_SHIFT;

		}

	}

	/**
	 * Compute next probe for collision resolution
	 * 
	 * @param perturb
	 *            perturbed hash
	 * @param j
	 *            previous probe
	 * @return next probe
	 */
	private static int probe(final int perturb, final int j) {
		return (j << 2) + j + perturb + 1;
	}

	/**
	 * Change the index sign
	 * 
	 * @param index
	 *            initial index
	 * @return changed index
	 */
	private static int changeIndexSign(final int index) {
		return -index - 1;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the number of elements stored in the map.
	 * 
	 * @return number of elements stored in the map
	 */
	public int size() {
		return size;
	}

	/**
	 * Remove the value associated with a key.
	 * 
	 * @param key
	 *            key to which the value is associated
	 * @return removed value
	 */
	public IExpr remove(final int key) {

		final int hash = hashOf(key);
		int index = hash & mask;
		if (containsKey(key, index)) {
			return doRemove(index);
		}

		if (states[index] == FREE) {
			return null;
		}

		int j = index;
		for (int perturb = perturb(hash); states[index] != FREE; perturb >>= PERTURB_SHIFT) {
			j = probe(perturb, j);
			index = j & mask;
			if (containsKey(key, index)) {
				return doRemove(index);
			}
		}

		return null;

	}

	/**
	 * Check if the tables contain an element associated with specified key at
	 * specified index.
	 * 
	 * @param key
	 *            key to check
	 * @param index
	 *            index to check
	 * @return true if an element is associated with key at index
	 */
	private boolean containsKey(final int key, final int index) {
		return (key != 0 || states[index] == FULL) && keys[index] == key;
	}

	/**
	 * Remove an element at specified index.
	 * 
	 * @param index
	 *            index of the element to remove
	 * @return removed value
	 */
	private IExpr doRemove(int index) {
		keys[index] = 0;
		states[index] = REMOVED;
		final IExpr previous = values[index];
		values[index] = null;
		--size;
		++count;
		return previous;
	}

	/**
	 * Put a value associated with a key in the map.
	 * 
	 * @param key
	 *            key to which value is associated
	 * @param value
	 *            value to put in the map
	 * @return previous value associated with the key
	 */
	public IExpr put(final int key, final IExpr value) {
		int index = findInsertionIndex(key);
		IExpr previous = null;
		boolean newMapping = true;
		if (index < 0) {
			index = changeIndexSign(index);
			previous = values[index];
			newMapping = false;
		}
		keys[index] = key;
		states[index] = FULL;
		values[index] = value;
		if (newMapping) {
			++size;
			if (shouldGrowTable()) {
				growTable();
			}
			++count;
		}
		return previous;

	}

	/**
	 * Grow the tables.
	 */
	private void growTable() {

		final int oldLength = states.length;
		final int[] oldKeys = keys;
		final IExpr[] oldValues = values;
		final byte[] oldStates = states;

		final int newLength = RESIZE_MULTIPLIER * oldLength;
		final int[] newKeys = new int[newLength];
		final IExpr[] newValues = new IExpr[newLength];
		final byte[] newStates = new byte[newLength];
		final int newMask = newLength - 1;
		for (int i = 0; i < oldLength; ++i) {
			if (oldStates[i] == FULL) {
				final int key = oldKeys[i];
				final int index = findInsertionIndex(newKeys, newStates, key, newMask);
				newKeys[index] = key;
				newValues[index] = oldValues[i];
				newStates[index] = FULL;
			}
		}

		mask = newMask;
		keys = newKeys;
		values = newValues;
		states = newStates;

	}

	/**
	 * Check if tables should grow due to increased size.
	 * 
	 * @return true if tables should grow
	 */
	private boolean shouldGrowTable() {
		return size > (mask + 1) * LOAD_FACTOR;
	}

	/**
	 * Compute the hash value of a key
	 * 
	 * @param key
	 *            key to hash
	 * @return hash value of the key
	 */
	private static int hashOf(final int key) {
		final int h = key ^ ((key >>> 20) ^ (key >>> 12));
		return h ^ (h >>> 7) ^ (h >>> 4);
	}

	/** Iterator class for the map. */
	public class Iterator {

		/** Reference modification count. */
		private final int referenceCount;

		/** Index of current element. */
		private int current;

		/** Index of next element. */
		private int next;

		/**
		 * Simple constructor.
		 */
		private Iterator() {

			// preserve the modification count of the map to detect concurrent
			// modifications later
			referenceCount = count;

			// initialize current index
			next = -1;
			try {
				advance();
			} catch (NoSuchElementException nsee) {
				// ignored
			}

		}

		/**
		 * Check if there is a next element in the map.
		 * 
		 * @return true if there is a next element
		 */
		public boolean hasNext() {
			return next >= 0;
		}

		/**
		 * Get the key of current entry.
		 * 
		 * @return key of current entry
		 * @exception ConcurrentModificationException
		 *                if the map is modified during iteration
		 * @exception NoSuchElementException
		 *                if there is no element left in the map
		 */
		public int key() throws ConcurrentModificationException, NoSuchElementException {
			if (referenceCount != count) {
				throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
			}
			if (current < 0) {
				throw new NoSuchElementException();
			}
			return keys[current];
		}

		/**
		 * Get the value of current entry.
		 * 
		 * @return value of current entry
		 * @exception ConcurrentModificationException
		 *                if the map is modified during iteration
		 * @exception NoSuchElementException
		 *                if there is no element left in the map
		 */
		public IExpr value() throws ConcurrentModificationException, NoSuchElementException {
			if (referenceCount != count) {
				throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
			}
			if (current < 0) {
				throw new NoSuchElementException();
			}
			return values[current];
		}

		/**
		 * Advance iterator one step further.
		 * 
		 * @exception ConcurrentModificationException
		 *                if the map is modified during iteration
		 * @exception NoSuchElementException
		 *                if there is no element left in the map
		 */
		public void advance() throws ConcurrentModificationException, NoSuchElementException {

			if (referenceCount != count) {
				throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
			}

			// advance on step
			current = next;

			// prepare next step
			try {
				while (states[++next] != FULL) {
					// nothing to do
				}
			} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
				next = -2;
				if (current < 0) {
					throw new NoSuchElementException();
				}
			}

		}

	}

	/**
	 * Read a serialized object.
	 * 
	 * @param stream
	 *            input stream
	 * @throws IOException
	 *             if object cannot be read
	 * @throws ClassNotFoundException
	 *             if the class corresponding to the serialized object cannot be
	 *             found
	 */
	private void readObject(final ObjectInputStream stream) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
		stream.defaultReadObject();
		count = 0;
	}

	/**
	 * Build an array of elements.
	 * 
	 * @param length
	 *            size of the array to build
	 * @return a new array
	 */
//	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
	// field is of type T
//	private T[] buildArray(final int length) {
//		return (T[]) Array.newInstance(field.getRuntimeClass(), length);
//	}

}
